Sunday, 9 October 2016

HYDERABAD TURNS 425: FROM CITY OF PEARLS TO AN IT HUB



Hyderabad turns 425: From city of pearls to an IT hub

C R GOWRI SHANKER

Oct 9, 2016
Hyderabad is situated on a hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussainsagar.

Pictures of the Charminar — Charminar as seen from Macca Masjid: Courtesy Dr Muhammad Safiullah
  Charminar as seen from Macca Masjid

The historic Hyderabad city, built by Muhammad Quli Qutb, fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, turns 425 on Sunday.
The picturesque city, a successor to overcrowded Golconda fort, grew in the last four centuries from a city of minarets, pearls, diamonds, lakes, architectural beauty, art and culture into a vibrant metropolis and international I-T hub.
It hasn’t lost its cosmopolitan ‘Ganga Jamuna tehzeeb’, the taste of the famed biryani, spicy slang or tasty Gandipet ka paani (sweet water of Osmansagar), though ‘adaab’ has paved the way for ‘Hi!’.
While the Telangana state government doesn’t find it fit to celebrate the occasion for reasons unknown, the Deccan Heritage Trust is organising an exhibition of vintage photographs of Charminar and Mahaboob Ali Pasha, the sixth Nizam, at Urdu Hall in Himayatnagar on Sunday.
Paigah family scion M.A. Faiz Khan summed up Hyderabad on its 425th birth anniversary: “From a very quiet, peaceful city with culture and tradition, Hyderabad has grown into a vibrant metro. In the process it lost a bit of tradition and culture. Heritage has taken a beating. Yet it is the most successful city where people love to live.”

Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612) laid the foundation for Hyderabad with Charminar (1591/1592) followed by the Badshahi Ashoorkhana in 1593-1594 to house the Alam or replicas of the banner carried by Imam Hussain at Karbala and Darulshifa, Asia’s first Unani and Ayurveda hospital in 1595; all in the walled city of Hyderabad.

There was no looking back. The city grew and grew over the last four centuries especially during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan, Nizam VII and thereafter.

“It’s a great city to live. It has unparalleled culture that bonds people irrespective of caste, creed and colour,” says Muhammad Safiullah, honorary managing trustee of the Deccan Heritage Trust.

Hyderabad is situated on a hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussainsagar.

In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared sovereignty and set up his own Nizam dynasty. Nizam’s dominion became a princely state during British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule are visible even today.

Hyderabad city was the capital of Hyderabad State. It was the capital of Andhra Pradesh after joining Indian Union in 1948 and is now joint capital for 10 years for Telangana and AP.

City grew in 6 phases

How did Hyderabad and Secunderabad grow into a burgeoning metropolis? Historian D.M. Wagh, writing on “Towns and Cities of the Deccan” and quoting Shah Manzur Alam’s “Hyderabad and Secunderabad (twin cities) 1965,” says the development of Hyderabad-Secunderabad took place in six historical stages.

First, the twin city stage (1591-1687) when the city was planned in a grid pattern and became a commercial metropolis of the Golconda kingdom. Second, the transitional stage (1591-1687) when the seat of authority was shifted to Hyderabad from Aurangabad. The city wall was completed in 1740.

Moazzamjahi Market
 Moazzamjahi Market
Third, early Asaf Jahi phase (1725-1799) when there was great economic stress and strain on Hyderabad as Aurangabad was still the capital and many wealthy land holders migrated. The city began growing in 1763 when the Nizam shifted to the city.

Fourth, the subsidiary alliance with British was made in 1798. British cantonment was in the north (Secunderabad). Golconda, the twin city of Hyderabad, was replaced with Secunderabad.

Fifth, the railway stage (1875-1908) which helped cement twin cities further, new industries cropped up and became nuclei of new settlement. Sixth, the modern stage (from 1908), following the catastrophic floods which led to internal reorganisation.
Since then, a new city has come up in the form of Cyberabad which is located cheek by jowl with Hyderabad.

In a lifespan of 357 years from 1591 to 1948, Hyderabad has undergone extensive metamorphosis owing to changing historical, political, economic forces. Its population varied from 150,000 (a rough estimate by the British Resident) in 1839 to 860,000 in 1951.

Since 1901, the population of the city increased more through influx of immigrants than by any other cause — 200,000 immigrants during 1901 to 1931 and from 64,000 in 1941 to 200,000 in 1951.













                        Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 


                     Bhagmathi & Quli Qutb Shah
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Vth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golkonda founded Hyderabad city and built architectural edifice, the Charminar. 
He was an able administrator and his reign is golden era of Qutb Shahi dynasty.

Born: 4 April 1565, Golconda Fort, Hyderabad
Died: 11 January 1612, Hyderabad
Parents: Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali
Partner: Bhagmati (1589–)
Place of burial: Qutb Shahi Tombs, Hyderabad
Children: Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah, Hayat Bakshi Begum

    Golconda Fort







   Nizam VI standing in car

    Nizam VI (sitting 3rd from Left)
   

Nizam VII busy reading a petition

First page of Deccan Chronicle English Daily inaugural issue  May 15, 1938 Sunday Published from Secunderabad Hyderabad district. Page just had pics of Nizam VII family.






  Nizam VI --Asaf Jah VI,   Sir Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi GCB GCSI was the 6th Nizam of Hyderabad. He ruled Hyderabad State, one of the Princely states in India between 1869 and 1911.
 Born: 17 August 1866, Purani Haveli, Hyderabad
 Died29 August 1911, Taj Falaknuma Palace




Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII GCSI GBE, was the last Nizam of the Princely State of Hyderabad, the largest princely state in British India.
 He ascended the throne on 29 August 1911, at the age of 25 and ruled the Kingdom of Hyderabad between 1911 and 1948. 
Died: 24 February 1967, King Kothi Palace  

   

               

Jahanuma Palace

Gulzar House

Famous 400 year old Gulzar Houz, originally called Char Su Ka Houz (fountain of the four sides) is a historically significant octagonal fountain located on the way to Charminar in Hyderabad.
Constructed in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, to serve as a drinking water fountain for the local population, it was designed to quench the thirst of both residents and soldiers.
Fountain is part of a larger ensemble of monuments, including the nearby Char Kaman (four arches). The Gulzar Houz, which was in ruins, was restored by BRS Government.





Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority (QQSUDA) along with Deccan Terrain Heritage, a company with expertise in heritage conservation completed the project at a cost of Rs. 29.50 lakh in four months time.
AIMIM President, Asaduddin Owaisi inaugurated the fountain along with Special Chief Secretary for Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MA&UD), Arvind Kumar.
 

    Age old pix of Charminar


Nizam's Silver Jubilee Postage Stamps from top left: Unani General Hospital, Osmania General Hospital, Osmania University and Osmania Jubilee Halls



HYDERABAD WAS ONCE WALLED CITY WITH HOST OF DARWAZAJAS (DOORS) AND KIDIS (WINDOWS), WHICH HAVE CRUMBLED OVER THE YEARS AND PAVED WAY FOR NEW DWELLINGS

Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah, the last Qutb Shahi ruler, started construction of wall around the city of Hyderabad.

As part of the construction, the stretch of wall was built from Puranapul to the Delhi Darwaza. Later, Golconda was conquered by Aurangazeb, putting the reign of Qutb Shahi to an end.
With the conquest of Golconda by Aurangzeb, the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end.
Later, in the early 18th century, when Farrukhsiyar was the Mughal emperor, his subedar Mubrez Khan started the construction of a wall around the city of Hyderabad, pulling down the old wall and constructing the new wall.
A part of the wall was the already existing stretch built from Puranapul to the Delhi Darwaza during the reign of Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah, the last Qutb Shahi ruler.
Originally, the construction of the wall began during the Qutb Shahi period but it was completed during the reign of Asaf Jah . The wall had 13 gates and windows and the last to be built was the Afzal Darwaza. These gates used to be locked after dusk and opened at dawn. The keys were kept in the custody of a senior administrator.

LIST OF DARWAZAS

In the beginning, this wall had 13 gates (called Darwaza in Urdu).

They were:
1. Delhi darwaza
2.Puranapul-ka-darwaza, (also known as Bahadurpura-ka-darwaza)
3. Aliabad- ka-darwaza
4. Dabeerpura-ka-darwaza
5. Laldarwaza
6. Fathe darwaza
7. Yakutpura-ka- darwaza
8. Gowlipura-ka-darwaza
9. Doodhbowli-ka-darwaza
10. Chadarghat-ka-darwaza
11. Champa darwaza
12.Mir Jumlakatta-ka-darwaza
13. Nayapul-ka-darwaza or Afzal darwaza
14. Muslim Jung darwaza
There were 13 khidkis (windows):
1. 1. Rangalishah- ki- khidki
2. 2. Bood Ali Shah ki khidki
3. 3. Kahar-ki-khidki
4. Doodhbowli-ki -khidki
5. Borah- ki- khidki
6. Mirjumla-ki-khidki
7. Dhobi ki khidki
8. Matha-ki-khidki
9. Kalala-ki-khidki
10. Charmahal-ki- khidki
11. Champa darwaza- ki- khidki
12. Hassan Ali- ki- khidki
13. Darul-shifa ki khidki.

After the end of Nizam rule, under Indian Union, before merging with Andhra in the mid-nineteen century the city improvement board saw it as a hindrance for the movement of people and asked them to get involved in dismantling it and for this purpose advertisements were placed in newspapers, recall some old-timers then gates were demolished in 1954.

Now only Dabeerpura and Puranapul darwaza are left for one to be transported back into history.

Present status of Hyderabad city wall

It once used to protect people but now cries for protection itself. The remains of a granite built fortification wall constructed around the city some centuries ago to ward of attacks from enemies is on the verge of being erased.

In fact only a small portion of the six-mile circumference wall survives now. One can locate its remains at City College, Aliabad Darwaza, Sultan Shahi, Fateh Darwaza. The biggest stretch exists between Lal darwaza and Aliabad darwaza, but in a poor state. It can crumble anytime.

Not much has been done to protect the fortification wall despite the fact that it occupies an important place in the history of the city. In fact the older part of the city is still known as “walled city”, generally meaning a fortified area.

Courtesy: Paigahs of Deccan

    Charminar plan

     Nampally  Railway Station




        Afzalgunj 



    Falaknuma Palace
    Nizam VII at Begumpet Airport
    Old Secretariat

    Tank Bund













    Falaknuma Palace age old pix
   

      Falaknuma Palace


    Mozamjahi Market under construction

    Nampally Railway Station



A Word About The Hyderabad District:

Hyderabad (Urban) District in its present shape has come into existence in August, 1978 consequent on formation of a new District, Ranga Reddy from the erstwhile Hyderabad District. 

All the rural areas of erst-while Hyderabad District have been included in Ranga Reddy District, while the area of Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (Exclding a small part), Secunderabad Cantonment, Lalaguda and Osmania University are included in Hyderabad District. 

There are 64 villages in the District and they are grouped into erstwhile talukas, Viz., Charminar, Golconda, Musheerabad and Secunderabad.

Hyderabad is the capital of one of the most techno savvy state in India,Telangana. The previous name of this city was Bagyanagaram.

This city is also called the ‘city of pearls’ because of the major dealing of pearls that is done from this part of the state. Hyderabad was founded in 1591 and planned as a grid with the Charminar at its centre. It has now grown well beyond the confines of the original walled city,to include a new town north of the Musi river, the Military Cantonment at Secunderabad and a burgeoning high-tech Estate, nicknamed “Cyberabad”.

The State capital being in this District, it is highly developed in all aspects. With a view to bringing up the administration to the door steps of the people to solve their problems upliftment of the people, the Government as a policy took a decision to restructure the Lower level administrative set-up in the state consequently, Revenue Mandal were setup.

Hyderabad District is a city-district in the state of Telangana which includes a part of the metropolitan capital city area of Hyderabad. It is the smallest in terms of area, among all the districts in the state, but has the highest human density.

Old MCH area, which forms the central region of Hyderabad city falls under this district. Hyderabad district was formed initially in the year 1948 followed by Police Action by merging the Atraf-a-Balda District and Baghat Districts. In the year 1978, Hyderabad district was later split into Hyderabad Urban District and Hyderabad Rural. Currently, Hyderabad Urban district is known as the Hyderabad district.

Hyderabad district occupies an area of approximately 217 square kilometers. According to the 2011 census the population of this district was 3,943,323. Hyderabad is known as the City of Pearls, as it had once flourished as a global center for trade of rare diamonds, emeralds as well as natural pearls.

Mecca Masjid, Charminar, Golconda fort, QutubShahi tombs, Paigah tombs are some of the historic structures. There are many other structures like Falaknuma Palace, Chowmohalla Palace, TaramatiBaradari etc., which are quite famous attracting tourists from all over. Birla Mandir, Jagannath temple, Salarjung Museum, Mahankali temple, Hussain Sagar lake, Mir Alam Tank, Nehru Zoological park, KBR park , Mrugavani National Park, are some of the other major tourist attractions.

Geography:

  1. Area: 217 Sq Km.
  2. Altitude: 536 Meters.
  3. Climate: Tropical Wet and Dry.
  4. Summer: Max 40 C and Min 22 C.
  5. Winter: Max 22C and Min 13.8C.
  6. Rainfall: 89cm (June to Sept).
  7. Best Season: June to February .
  8. STD Code: 040
  9. State: Telangana.
  10. Currency: The unit of currency in Hyderabad is the ‘Rupee’.
  11. Attractions: Char Minar, Golconda Fort, Qutbshahi Tomb, Mecca Masjid, Osmania University and HITEC City.
  12. Languages Spoken: Urdu, Hindi, Telugu and English.
  13. Tipping: Tipping is usually 10% to 15% of the charge.
  14. Airport: The airport at Shamshabad, 22Km south of the Hyderabad city.
  15. Electricity: 220v, 50Hz.
  16. Religion: About 50% of the population consists of Muslims; there are Hindus and Sikhs also.
  17. Exports: Software, Basmati rice and spices, medical transcription and oil exports.
  18. Industries: Electrical fans, cooling systems, software industries, jewelers, pharmaceuticals and automotive industries.
Constituencies:
Parliament ConstituenciesAssembly Constituencies
  1. Hyderabad
  2.      Secunderabad
  1. Amberpet
  2.      Bahadurpura
  3.              Chandrayanagutta
  4. Charminar
  5.     Goshamahal
  6.  Jubilee Hills
  7. Karwan
  8. Khairatabad
  9. Malakpet
  10. Musheerabad
  11. Nampally
  12. Sanathnagar
  13. Secunderabad
  14. Secunderabad Cantonment
  15. Yakutpura

    New Secretariat building 2024


    Tank Bund 2024


  
                        Boat Club, Tank Bund, Hyderabad



    Tank Bund now 2023


    A long view of Secretariat and Ambedkar statue from RTC cross roads 2024

     Venkateshwara Swamy Temple, TTD Jubilee Hills
    Jagannath Swamy Temple, Banjara Hills




 Fateh Maidan:  1948  Military administrator Major General JN Choudhury addressing public meeting in 1949 after Police Action in 1948






    Moulali  painting








    Saifabad

     MALAKPET RACE COURSE














Hill Fort Palace, Ritz Hotel

This is 1915 magnificent "Hillfort Palace" belonged to and constructed by SIR NIZAMAT JUNG .
Brief History - Nawab Sir Nizamat Jung was son of Nawab Rafath Yar Jung , Subedar( Commisioner) of Warangal.
In the year 1891 Sir Nizamat Jung graduated in law from Trinity College , Cambridge , England , he was the first person from Hyderabad to achieve this law degree, later he became a Barrister.
He joined civil service during time of Nizam's rule and rose to positions of Home Secretary, judge , held important postions , finally served as a Chief Justice Of Hyderabad State High Court , he was one of the greatest and able person Hyderabad State has seen.
He was an outstanding poet of par excellence, which was recognised by British Empire for his contribution to English literature , service and loyalty .
Recieved the knighthood from British Empire K.C.I.E. ( Knight Commander of Indian Empire) in 1929, thus "sir" was added to his name. 
His poetries and Sonnets are world famous .
He was the first President Of Poetry Society.

Seventh Asaf Jah HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur had once requested him to translate his written gazals in english , which he did , such was his ability , even recognised by the Nizam.

After touring this 1915 palace twice in short duration in 2019 , I feel the owner's strong remarkable obsession for English castles and churches probably attained during his stay in England and was realised to select the location of hilly terrain, on the way to erswhile "Noubat Pahad" near Bashirbagh.


COMPARATIVE STUDY ALBUM OF PHOTOS FROM PRIME TIME TO PRESENT TIME .

Architectural Description- Its a very fine example of completely dedicated " Gothic Architecture" style , has features of a European "Castle" and "Churches" in combination.
The large entrance gates have two security cabins very richly decorated.
The imposing palace main entrance has a wide "Tudor Arch" (four centred arch ) , with two buttresses on either sides forming towers , upper portion of entrance arch have inset of
" pointed Trefoil arches" ( three curves) forming ribs within the arch.
On both sides of entrance are richly decorated bay windows , featured on facade with similar style ribbed arches and highly decorated floor projection.
The top roofline has square " Battlement " design all around the roof of palace.
The entrance leads to a a foyer which connects the upper floor with twin "L "shaped stylish staircases and then connects to square large " court yard " which is the integral part of palace and all around rooms are connected by a beautiful parallel covered passage with a series of beautiful "tudor ribbed arches" .
The rear part of palace is at a different level and has very large banquet hall.
Each and every corner is featured with rich gothic ornamentation.
The typical features of "gothic architecture" the buttresses , quatrafoil mouldings, trefoil arches and tudor arches with ribs etc. are very well incorporated.

The design and concept of this palace is so very well conceived taking use of steep contours ( hilly) , it looks like a miniature castle , the lower levels were probably used by service staff.

Picture - 1 Photograph of Sir Nizamat Jung.
Picture - 3 to 11 - Vintage photograph of palace and its interiors- pictures credit , Mr.Arvind Acharya.
Video in album - Is of central courtyard of palace.
Fabulous palace lies in a state of utter neglect.
kindly go through the album to understand my write up all photographs are captioned, kindly go through them. the present snaps are shot by me.

"CRYING WALLS OF THE FABOULOUS PALACE ARE BEGGING FOR NEW LIFE "

On this the 18th of April 2020 on the occasion of WORLD HERITAGE DAY,

I DEDICATE THIS ARTICLE TO SIR NIZAMAT JUNG AS A TRIBUTE TO HIM.
©️ASIF ALI KHAN,
ARCHITECT , HYDERABAD















Hill Fort Palace turned Ritz Hotel after New MLA quarters, Basheerbagh









Hill Fort Palace in dilaphidated condition now
Pics courtesy- Arvind Acharya/Asif Ali Khan

















       Pix courtesy Asif Khan
    Abids Circle 1934

   Madina near Charminar
    Kacheguda Railway Station

    Nizam's postage stamps



Malwala Palace was built in 1845 and is located in Hyderabad, telangana, India.
Malwala Palace was located along the road leading towards east from Charminar. 

It was constructed in Mughal and Rajasthani style and in Hyderabadi courtyard style, was known for its richly carved. wooden pavilion.

The Malwalas were responsible for the revenue records of the Nizam's dominions. The palace belonged to a noble family of Dewan Chandulal, the Malwala or the custodians of the Revenue Records (Daftar -i- Mal) of the erstwhile Hyderabad State.

Built in the early 18th century by the noble Sagar Mall during the reign of first nizam in 1724, this was one of the very few palaces of Hyderabad built in the Mughal and Rajasthani styles of architecture.

It acquired the name Malwala as Sagar Mall was the custodian of revenue records (maal) in hyderabad state. At the time department of revenue was held by the Mathur Kayastha family or Malwala family. During the 1940s, at the time of one of the family descendants, Raja Dharam Karan, the grandeur of the palace was resplendent and was noted for its glory and power.



Courtesy: Paigahs of Deccan
Basheerbagh Palace



H. H. Prince Walashan Azam Jah Bahadur, with his eldest son Prince Walashan Mukkaram Jah Bahadur


H.H. Nawab Dürrühsehvar Durdana Begum Sahiba, Princess of Berar and Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire, photographed by Cecil Beaton in the 1940s.






Comparative Study August 9, 2023

The Nizams of Hyderabad and their succession: A Tussle for the IX Nizam Title
Zeenathfar Azmi Syed *
Ph.D Senior Research Fellow, Department of Sociology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, TS-India
.2023.2.1.13

Abstract
This is an attempt to present a brief account of the Nizams of Hyderabad and their succession. 
It is unthinkable to write an account of Telangana or make any reference to its history and culture that does not include the subject of the Nizams. Their impact on the region and the course of its history cannot be denied. 
From 1724 until 1948, the city of Hyderabad had significant advancements in its cultural and economic spheres, and one cannot overlook the contributions and achievements made by the Nizams throughout their reign. 
In January 2023, following the death of the VIII Nizam, Prince Mukkaram Jah, a bewildering situation arose in Hyderabad regarding the title of the IX Nizam of Hyderabad and the leader of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. 
This study explores the succession of nizams and the internal tussle for the ninth nizam title between Prince Azmat Jah and Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan.

INTRODUCTION

The Nizams, who governed the former princely state of Hyderabad for a span of 224 years, evoke diverse notions of diligence, opulence, and extravagance. 

There were seven Nizams, also known as Asaf Jahis, who ruled Hyderabad; the seventh, Asaf Jah Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, ruled until 1948. 

Hyderabad state, which was ruled for more than two centuries by Nizams, has made significant strides in every development sector, which gave a new outlook and had a transformative effect on different sectors like health, education, irrigation, the judiciary, police, archaeology, art, and many more. Today, everyone can witness and reap the fruits of the seeds they sowed. 

It is important to acknowledge their astute leadership, statesmanship, visionary inputs, and farsightedness that have contributed to the advancement of society.

In January 2023, following the death of the VIII Nizam, Prince Mukkaram Jah, and a bewildering situation arose in Hyderabad regarding the title of IX Nizam of Hyderabad and the leader of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Prince Azmat Jah, the eldest son of the eighth Nizam, proclaimed himself to be the ninth Nizam of Hyderabad, purportedly transferring his father’s erstwhile title to himself in the Chowmahalla Palace with a miniscule number of his immediate family members, which even excluded his father’s own brother, his own brother, and the claimant sister. 

He invited just a couple of family friends and a half dozen staffers, which included trust officials and domestic servants. Let alone informing his extended family, even his entire immediate family was left out. 

There was this obvious selfishness and expressed utter disregard for all but a few in the family, the already confirmed and consistent indifference, lack of communication, and attitude of unilateral actions, which only helped Azmet Jah now and earlier, his late father, gain from self-serving financial actions. This was the final provocation that propelled Majlis-E-Sahebzadegan, along with a majority of the grand children of the VII Nizam, to crown Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan (who is the great grandson of the VI Nizam, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan) as the IX Nizam. 

It is important to note that this title signifies his position as the leader of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty, rather than the ruler of Hyderabad. This ceremony took place at Khaja Ka Chilla in the Old City of Moghalpura. 

Though religiously significant, this modest venue, located between the weakest members of the family, was chosen to show solidarity. Majlis-e-Sahebzadagan is a society that was founded in 1932 by Mir Osman Ali Khan. 

The society, which represents almost all of the 4,500 Sahebzadas and Sahebzadis (direct descendants of Nizam I-VI), consists of 4,500 members. Combined with descendants of the VII Nizam, they represent the I to IX Nizam’s family.

Genesis of the Nizams from the perspective of their tryst with India

Kilich Khan was the grandfather of Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan (yet to be the first Nizam; a similar title of ‘Chin Qilich Khan’ was subsequently conferred on Qamaruddin, causing much confusion). Kilich Khan was from modern-day Samarkand, Uzbekistan1. Kilich Khan arrived in India for the first time in 1654 en route to the Islamic pilgrimage of Hajj during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. In 1657, after concluding the pilgrimage, he moved to India and joined the army of erstwhile Mughal Prince Aurangzeb in the Deccan2. In January 1687, Mughal commander Kilich Khan had tried and failed in an attempt at conquering Golconda and eventually he was hit by a cannon ball which led to his entombment near fort itself3. Qamar-ud-din Khan participated in the Battle of Samugarh, which resulted in the defeat of Dara Shikoh (the elder brother of Aurangzeb and the likely successor to the throne, and Aurangazeb also had Shah Jahan, their father, jailed)4. In addition to serving as a commander in Aurangzeb’s army, he was also the governor of Zafarabad (present-day Bidar)5.

The transition of power from the Mughal Empire to the Nizams: A concise historical overview

Khilij Khan’s eldest son and Qamaruddin’s father, Ghayas Uddin Feroze Jung, migrated to India in 1669, got employed in Aurangzeb’s army, was raised to the rank of general, and later served as governor of Gujarat.6

Ghayasuddin Feroz Jung, Qamruddin’s father, had followed Aurangazeb as his general in the victorious campaign of Aurangazeb that toppled Qutub shahi dynasty at Golconda fort in 1687, giving the Moghuls power in the south by taking over Hyderabad, which was originally founded by the Qutub Shahis.7

At the age of six, in 1677, Mir Qamaruddin accompanied his father to the Mughal court. Aurangzeb granted him a mansab. Mir Qamaruddin had notable prowess as a combatant, and throughout his adolescent years, he started participating in military campaigns with his father. At the age of 17, in the year 1688, he participated in a victorious attack on the fort of Adoni with his father. At the age of 19, in the year 1690, he was granted the title of Chin Qilich Khan (signifying a young swordsman).8

Farrukhsiyar, the grandson of Aurangzeb, appointed Qamaruddin Khan to the position of governor of Oudh following Aurangzeb’s passing in 1707. In the year 1714, Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, designated Qamaruddin as the Viceroy of the Deccan. This role included the administration of six governorates under Mughal rule. Qamaruddin Khan was bestowed with the titles Nizam-ul-Mulk, which denoted his position as the administrator of the realm, and Fateh Jung9. In the year 1719, Farrukhsiyar sought the assistance of Nizam-ul-Mulk in fighting the Sayyid Brothers. Farrukhsiyar lost his struggle against the Sayyid Brothers and was killed in 1719.10

Nizam-Ul-Mulk mobilised Central Asian nobles in the Mughal court against the Sayyid brothers between 1719 and 1722 to expel them. 11 After defeating the Sayyid brothers, Mohammed Shah became the independent Mughal Emperor and granted the title of Grand Vazir (Prime Minister) to Asaf Jah 1 in 1722.12

Nizam-ul-Mulk’s conflicts with the court nobility grew in 1723, and Muhammad Shah sent him from the Delhi court to Awadh out of concern about his growing influence. By the end of the year 1723, Nizam revolted against the established order, resigned from his position as Grand Vizier, abdicated all imperial duties, and marched towards the Deccan. In the Battle of Shakar Kheda, Mubariz Khan, the Governor of Hyderabad, was defeated by Nizam-ul-Mulk.13 Following Asaf Jah I’s victory against Mubariz Khan in 1724, the Mughal emperor appointed him viceroy of the Deccan.

Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1738–1739. Muhammad Shah sent Nizam-ul Mulk to negotiate; he served as an important mediator during Nadir Shah’s invasion and was ultimately responsible for the establishment of peace. 14 Muhammad Shah bestowed the office of Amir-ul-Umara Bakshi-ul-Mumalik on him in recognition of his outstanding service to the Mughal Empire.15

In his book Masir-i-Nizam, Mansaram, the secretary of Nizam-ul-Mulk, claims that Nadir Shah (a Persian king), after defeating the Mughals, offered first Nizam the duty of overseeing the Indian Empire prior to his departure. But Nizam refused and replied “that his ancestors and he himself have been in the service of the kings of Delhi since ancient times, and such an act of impropriety will make him eternally notorious in history for being disloyal”.16

The Birth of a Dynasty: An Overview of the Succession of the Nizam Title from the I-VIII Nizam

Having both titles in hand, Qamaruddin established his position as viceroy/subedar of the Mughals over Deccan and initiated the Asaf Jahi dynasty of the Nizams in Hyderabad on October 11th, 1724.

However, it’s a point of fact that the tiles of Nizam Ul Mulk and Asaf Jah were bestowed on Qamaruddin’s descendants on the viceroy/Subedar Gaddi from time to time by the Mughal emperors up to the point of the exile of Bahadur Shah Zafar (who was the last Mughal, by the British) coinciding with the 5th Subedar, Nizam Afzal Ud Dowla, in 1758. Thereon, the Nizams were their own lords and masters as sovereign rulers.18

Asaf Jah was married to Said-Un-Nissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from Gulbargah. From this marriage he had four children, two daughters; one of them being Khair-un-Nisa Begum19 and two sons; Ghazi-ud-din Feroz Jung and Nasir Jung (later nizam). From other wives he had four more sons; Salabat Jung (later Nizam), Nizam Ali Khan (later Nizam), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.20

In 1748, at the age of 76, Nizam Mir Qamaruddin Khan passed away after a 24-year reign. With the passing of the Nizam, the Deccan once more became the focal point of a power conflict between the British, the French, the Marathas, and the First Nizam’s sons and descendants, Nasir Jung (who was the second son), Muzaffar Jung (who was the grandson), and Salabat Jung (who was the third son), each held the Subhedari of the Deccan for over 14 years at different times.22

According to the 1749 British archives of Fort St. George, Nizam-ul-Mulk proposed appointing Muzaffar Jung as a replacement for Nasir Jung due to his dissatisfaction with Nasir Jung’s behaviour. He recommended granting the Circars of Adoni and Raichur to Muzaffar Jung, with the approval of the Padishah.23

Nasir Jung being Nizam-ul-Mulk’s son (i.e. have some claim to the Deccan Subah) and Muzaffar Jung being his favourite grandson  lead the succession of one of the most important Subahs of Mughal empire into a severe crisis with was well exploited first by the French and then by British.24

Following his victory against Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung ascended to the position of Nizam with the assistance of the French. Muzaffar Jung was the son of Sahibzadi Khair-un-nisa begum, who was the daughter of Nizam-ul-Mulk.25 He ruled Hyderabad until his death in 1751, and his death was in the hands of Afghans along with Nawab of Kurnool, who struck him in the head with the spear. It is noteworthy that Muzaffar Jung, who had the distinction of being the favoured grandson of Asaf Jah I, was the only factor that caused Nasir Jung to pause in carrying out his execution when he was incarcerated during the Second Carnatic War.26 The untimely death of Muzaffar Jung resulted in the ascension of his uncle, Salabat Jung, as the new Nizam. Salabat Jung, who was the younger brother of Nazir Jung, assumed the position after being installed as the successor.27 However, Salabat Jung’s reign was short-lived, as he was subsequently overthrown by his younger brother, Nizam Ali Khan, with the assistance of the British and the Marathas.28

This history also shows the trends of the times and the flexible principles of the Mughals when they clashed with their convenience. The first son of Qamruddin (Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II), who served the Mughals at Delhi court loyally and was supported by the Mughals to claim the Subedar seat after Muzaffar died in the Deccan,29 was widely known to have been poisoned by the mother-and-son duo of Nizam Ali Khan. Yet Nizam Ali Khan was annointed as Asaf Jah II and Nizam-Ul-Mulk II by the Mughals, who entertained no grudge against Nizam Ali Khan.

In this dynasty, it also shows that external powers were kingmakers too, from time to time. The French were totally instrumental in putting the 1st Nizam’s third son Salabat Jung in the administrative seat of power and rule in Deccan. No primogeniture here. This was accepted by the Moghuls too who bestowed grand titles in variance to the 1st Nizam.

It is very strange but pertinent to mention here that the Nizam second (Nizam Ali Khan) was in fact the nizam fifth as the Mughal subedar just because the title of the first subedar Qamaruddin was Nizam Ul Mulk as well as Asaf Jah.  It is more important in a recounting dynasty that people as subedars with Mughal titles as accepted Mughal subedars though with other titles,

As one to seven ruling ones but omitting three sons and a grandson who ruled as Subedars from the seat of the first Nizam Ul Mulk as well as Asaf Jah and got titles from Mughals as acceptance, but receiving Mughal titles in variation to “Asaf Jah” or “Nizam Ul Mulk”, making them as valid as the others in being counted and acknowledged as the sequence of Subedar rulers of the Deccan under Mughals.

In the year 1762, Mir Nizam Ali Khan (his given name), the fourth son of the Nizam, was bestowed by Mughal rulers as Asaf Jah II and Nizam-ul-Mulk

At the age of 28, Nizam Ali Khan became Subhedar of the Deccan and ruled the region for nearly 42 years. In 1763, Hyderabad was settled as the Mughal’s centre of Deccan authority from Aurangabad, which helped restoring the city’s former splendour. 

This was on the strategic advice of revered advisers like Mohi-Ud-Dowla II / (Imperial title Yar Khan), Jafar Yar Khan, and Himmat Yar Khan, who were decedents of Hazrat Shah Abdul Gafoor Chang Siddiqui of Uzbekistan (who was a confidant of the First Nizam) and held various important portfolios of health and jurisprudence which gave them authority to streamline even the Nizam’s edicts. 

They also requested military aid from the Mughals to thwart the marauding Marathas during the second Nizam’s rule. The leader of the army force was Abul Fateh Khan (title Teigh Jung), who was eventually recognised as the creator of the Paigahs. 

The Yar Khan family and the Paigha family were then the loftiest strata of the Nizam’s renowned nobility. Recognising the strategic and central location of this city was a turning point in Asaf Jahis’ rule. On August 6, 1803, Nizam Ali Khan passed away at the age of 69.30

Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah Asaf Jah III (1803–29) inherited a successful state. His succession was ratified by the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, and his father Sikandar’s titles were also conferred upon him. In 1806, a large area north of the city was named Secunderabad after Sikandar Jah.31 Sikandar Jah died on May 21, 1829, and was survived by nine sons and 10 daughters. His eldest son, Nawab Farkhunda Ali Khan, succeeded him.

Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Nasirud-Daula Asaf Jah IV (1829–1857) inherited a distressed state following the financial upheaval of Sikander Jah’s reign. With the assistance and direction of Siraj-ul-Mulk and Mir Turab Ail Khan Salar Jung I, he instituted a modern and equitable system of tax administration.32 On May 16, 1857, at the age of 64, he passed away.

Mir Tahniyat Khan Afzal-ud-Daula Asaf Jah V (1857–69): Afzal-ud-Daula retained the services of his father’s prime minister, Salar Jung I. The year 1857 was a significant turning point in the historical development of Hyderabad state, as it saw the termination of the Mughal Emperor’s authority in Delhi and the consequent end of the Nizam’s role as a Mughal subedar. Subsequent to that juncture, the Nizam assumed the status of a sovereign entity, denoting a state of independence from the Mughals. He died at the age of 42, when his son and heir, Nawab Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, became the independent sovereign of the Asaf Jah dynasty.33

Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur Asaf Jah VI (1869–1911): The youngest Asaf Jahi ruler, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, was two years and seven months old when he was installed by his co-regents, Mir Turab Ali Khan (title Sir Salar Jung I) and Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan (title Shams-ul-Umara III). In 1885, when he was 17 years old, he assumed sovereign rights.34 Among the Asaf Jahi rulers, Nizam VI, His Highness Mahboob Ali Khan, was the most popular and beloved among his subjects and was the only Nizam who was born in a family of a Monarch and crowned as an independent Monarch and ruled till death; his predecessor, Nizam V, was an independent king just for the last part of his life, and the last ‘ruling’ independent king was Osman Ali Khan, Nizam VII, but only until 1948; his rule terminated twenty years before his demise when Hyderabad was merged with India; this makes H.H. Mahboob the most unique of even the Nizams that ruled as Monarchs.

Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII (1911–1967), was born in 1886. Being the most recent of the Nizam kings, many of the accomplishments of his father are attributed to him as the face of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. When India became an independent nation in 1947, the Nizam preferred to be independent rather than join the Indian Territory. Hyderabad was taken over five days after the Indian government launched Operation Polo, also known as police action, which was in fact a military operation, in September 1948. Thus, Asaf Jahi’s 224-year hegemony over Hyderabad came to an end.35

On February 24, 1967, Osman Ali Khan passed away, deciding to designate his grandson Mukarram Jah as his heir instead of his elder son Azam Jah or his second son Moazzam Jah.36

Nizam Mir Barkat Ali Khan/Mukarram Jah, Asaf Jah VIII (1933–2023): Following the death of Mir Osman Khan, his grandson Mukarram Jah37 assumed the ceremonial position of Nizam of Hyderabad in 1967, and he never ruled after the 7th Nizam died in 1967 due to the takeover of Hyderabad state by the Indian army in 1948. 

He briefly obtained a certificate from the government as the sole successor to the title and wealth of his father. He lost a High Court case foisted on him by his own aunt, in which the High Court stressed in a considered and researched ruling in 1967 and 1968 that the descendant Nizam could not be the sole heir to his father’s wealth, which was subject to Sharia laws that did not recognise primogeniture and put him on equal terms of inheritance as a Muslim Indian citizen within his family, invalidating the certificate. 

This was eventually bilaterally compromised just between the two and had no effect on the other family members who were not part of the compromise. However, in 1971, the Indian government abolished the Privy Purse, all royal titles, and all privileges in a sweeping move.38

A row over the title of IX Nizam

The VIII Nizam Mukarram Jah, only a titular ruler till 1971, passed away in Istanbul on January 14th, 2023. He was the grandson of the VII Nizam. 

Soon after his death, a row over the title and an internal tussle started among Nizam’s family over the coronation ceremony for the IX Nizam of Hyderabad title by Prince Azmet Jah to the throne at the Chowmohalla Palace on January 20, 2023, who is the first-born of the VIII Nizam, Prince Mukarram Jah. 

A very few members of the Prince Azmet Jah family attended this event. The aforementioned ceremony caused dissatisfaction among the 4,500 members of the Nizam family since it transpired without their collective agreement or wish, contrary to what was dictated in the present rulings.40

Individuals who designate themselves merely on the basis of a father-to-son transfer cannot be considered legitimate successors, even within the context of traditional practices, since all historical traditions of rulers and rulers appointing successors or a child succeeding a father, mother, or ruler came to an end in 1971. 

Given the erratic and unspecific nature of father-to-son succession, it becomes imperative for the son to provide substantiation of his selection as the rightful heir. Prince Azmet Jah’s close associates merely mentioning a letter from his father conferring him with succession without producing the letter is not substantial, and even if produced, it will have to be proved. 

It is evident that his father could not personally designate him for the position. In any case, since 1971, his father himself has lost the rights of monarchy and has neither formal authority nor authority based on strength, numbers, or tradition to issue his wishes. Furthermore, Prince Azmet had previously opposed his father (Mukkaram Jah/VIII Nizam) vehemently in a legal forum in a trust matter, further casting a shadow on the probability of his father’s choice.

On September 6, 1970, the President of India issued a brief order to each of the rulers of former Indian states. In exercising the authority granted to him by Article 366(22) of the Constitution, the President commanded that all rulers cease to be regarded as rulers as of the date of his order, including those they designated. This resulted in the instant end of the rulers’ privy purses and the cessation of their personal privileges. It was introduced again in Parliament in 1971 and was successfully enacted as the 26th Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1971.

To become the head of the family or dynasty, a majority of the family members must agree. This is because the state’s courts, especially O.P.147/1995, dated June 21, 1999, made it a requirement that the family of Nizam I to Nizam VI (which is a very large section), be consulted in all major decisions, even though there were trusts set up for them and the welfare of some family members, which may mean that it all needs to be re-evaluated. 

The Nizam’s singular claim cannot be supported by the law. This valid ruling permits the participation of the entire family in all dynastic decisions, which logically includes important acts such as coronations and family distributions. 

Thus, descendants of Nizams I through VII are unwilling to acknowledge the clandestine coronation of Prince Azmet as the successor to the VIII Nizam, as the reign of Prince Mukarram Jah, the VIII Nizam, has been terminated for at least 51 years, according to Indian law and a parliamentary act.

In India, the process of succession to power is no longer predicated on violence but rather on the exercise of democratic choice. As such, Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan, the great grandson of the VI Nizam, has been appointed as the IX Head of the Asaf Jahi family. This choice was publicly endorsed by a majority of the descendants of the I to VII Nizams on June 4, 2023, which took place on the death anniversary of the VII Nizam, Osman Ali Khan.

Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan: The choice of the Nizams family as the head of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty

The Majlis E Sahebzadagan Society, representing most of the over 4500 people from the Sahebzada and Sahebzadi of I-VI Nizam, as well as the direct descendants of VII Nizam in a separate group and the related nobility, has chosen Raunaq Yar Khan as the IX Nizam of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty at Hyderabad. 

The Sahebzadagan has announced in the press that Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan has constantly represented Hyderabad’s Asaf Jahi Tehzeeb (culture) and has a reputation for being a visionary, an ethical person, kind-hearted, and community-oriented, unlike the other option of an indifferent foreigner living abroad in any case.

Prince Azmet Jah is a foreigner who resides in a different country, just like his father who didn’t reside in India for the past half century. Despite the fact that his family name is associated with a governing dynasty that has endured for over 224 years, his father too exhibits minimal emotional attachment to it. 

As the offspring of Nizam VIII, who was effectively deposed from his ruling position in 1971 and subsequently resided overseas while asserting his hereditary claims to properties within India (as well as certain international investments), the individual in question solely made visits to India on occasions necessitating the signing of legal documents to finalise the sale of family assets, following preliminary steps undertaken by local intermediaries. 

Since none of the purported solitary claimant’s immediate family members are Indian or reside in India, it is logical and obvious to any intelligent person that the money would be a loss for India. Contrary to Indian law, the individual placed himself in the sole putative position or authority to sell and diverted nearly the entire share through agents in India who used his name to their advantage. 

They are still engaged in some sort of transaction, exploiting the invalid succession certificate issued to Mukarram Jah in 1967, which the High Court’s W.P. 632/1968 ruled was invalid and forbade an ex-ruler from naming a single successor, a questionable right further comprehensively invalidated in 1971.

A significant portion of the underprivileged members of the Nizam family, who are genuine shareholders, reside faithfully or sentimentally in Hyderabad or India. 

However, they are unlawfully denied their rightful entitlements, despite the small number of individuals who may be residing overseas and enjoying decent salaries. The family is now experiencing significant fragmentation, a lack of resources, and a respectful disposition that prevents them from challenging the authority of a fake Nizam. 

He has amassed considerable riches for himself, which he employs to resist the legitimate claims of the impoverished royal relatives, who want a fair distribution of assets via legal means.

The majority of the Nizam family has chosen His Excellency Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan as a means to safeguard, uphold, and garner the erstwhile esteem of the Asaf Jahi dynasty to the extent presently possible. 

The Nawab Raunaq in question is making it abundantly clear that he is not making a claim to personal ownership of the ancestral assets, which include both tangible and intangible properties. 

Contrarily, he posits that the allocation of these possessions ought to be disseminated among the legitimate successors of Nizams I to IX. With the exception of certain assets, which may belong to a person at face value or as a father may have held them as self-purchased or acquired, all ownership rights are also intended to be questioned and put to legal scrutiny in the future and redistributed judiciously.

Conclusion

As the first Nizam of the Asaf Jah dynasty, Qamaruddin chose his daughter Khair un Nisa’s son, Muzaffar Jung, even though he had six other sons who could have been king, three of whom did, and the first son Giazuddin Feroz Jung II, who was a skilled courtier in Delhi, died while trying to become king. 

The last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, also didn’t think about the idea of primogeniture, even though it was often brought up.

Irrespective of the succession by or through either gender, this indicates that even the ruler or administrator couldn’t dictate his successor and ensure succession if he was not powerful enough to ensure his edicts if the various representatives of families, influential groups, and other forces were not in consonance with his wishes.

Based on the prevailing acceptance among the public and media, as well as the formal backing of Nizam Ul-Mulk’s existing extended family member Asaf Jah, Nawab Raunaq’s position appears consolidated. 

Almost all 4500 descendants of the 1st to 6th Nizam, who were members of a registered society linked to an original Nizam trust and the 7th Nizam’s listed descendants subsequent to Hyderabad’s incorporation into the Indian Union, which marked the end of the dynasty, appear to consider them all on an equal footing. 

In addition to this, a greater number of members of the extended royal family accepted Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan on a daily basis via legal documentation (according to research interviews with family members), pleading with him to safeguard their rights by means of all lawful means as the ninth Nizam of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty. 

This has further solidified Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan’s position. Additionally, he is supported by a registered society that works for the descendants, beneficiaries, and successors of the 1st to 9th Nizam. This society is comprised of numerous government officials and former high-ranking administrative officers who are well-versed in historical facts and figures.

This is ample and irrefutable evidence to support the fact that Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan is the Ninth Nizam of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty.


The Qutub Shahi Dynasty
The history of Hyderabad as a city began in 1518 when Sultan Quli Qut-ul-Mulk declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate and established the fortress city of Golconda, calling himself the Sultan Quli Qutub Shah. 

Decades before, Sultan Mohammed Shah Bahmani instructed Quli Qut-ul-Mulk to quell insurgents and disturbance in the region, a job which the future ruler carried only too well.

By the time he established the Golconda Sultanate under the title of Sultan Quli Qutub Shah and began the Qutub Shahi Dynasty, the Bahmani Sultanate had completely disintegrated, splintering into five different kingdoms.

In 1589, the city of Hyderabad was finally built on the Musi River by the fifth sultan of the dynasty, a mere five miles east of Golconda.



             Haseeb Ahmed

Gachibowli - The word ‘Gachi’ means limestone and ‘bowli’ comes from the word ‘baoli’ which means a well.
Thus the area ‘Gachibowli’ is named after the presence of a well plastered with limestone.
Nizam era architecture. The well goes deep with three flights of steps, two on each level. It has four arches.
This stepwell has a capacity to store 30,00,000 liters of water and it will benefit Mosque, Schools and some residential areas nearby.



Buggy at Taj Falaknuma Palace















The Statue of Equality, a statue of the 11th century Indian philospher Ramanuja Swamy  is located in Chinna Jeeyar Trust at Muchintal, Ranga Reddy district Telangana State. It was built to honor the life, teachings, and contributions of Sri Ramanuja Acharya, one of the greatest philosophers, saints, and spiritual leaders of India. It stands as a tribute to his vision of equality, devotion, and inclusivity. 

It is the second tallest statue with sitting posture in the world and commemorated on the 1000th birth  anniversary of Swami Ramanuja costing about Rs 1000 crore.

His philosophy of Vishishtadvaita inspires us to surrender ourselves in Bhakti (devotion) and Seva (selfless service) to God, with unwavering faith in His grace. through his life and works, he showed that the divine is not distant or inaccessible, but can be experienced in the daily acts of love, worship, and compassion.

Swarna Ramanuja Acharya

The 120 kg gold statue inside the Statue of Equality is a symbol of the divine presence and wisdom of Bhagavad Ramanuja Acharya. Crafted with meticulous detail, it serves as a focal point for spiritual reflection and reverence. This golden representation further emphasizes his teachings on devotion, equality, and the path to spiritual enlightenment.

120kg

Swarna Ramanujacharya

The base building under the statue named Bhadravedi is 16 metres (54 ft) tall and three-stories high. Atop the building lies a lotus of 8.2 metres (27 ft) in diameter and is carried by 36 elephants, over which the statue sits.

Ethical conduct (Sila) forms the foundation of the path, guiding practitioners to live in harmony with themselves and others.

  • Equality
  • Spirituality
  • Liberty
  • Morality
  • Unity
  • Harmony
  • Prosperity
  • Integrity

Sri-Chinna-Jeeyar-Swamy-With-Prime-Minister-Narendra-Modi

 Chinna Jeeyar Swamy with Prime Minister Narendra Modi

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